The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental difference of affordance perception and the relationship between perceptual judgements and action capabilities for upright posture and ascending on uphill, with two different textures of inclined surface, among pre- and post-school children and adults. 12 pre-school children (mean age = 5.7 years), 12 post-school children (mean age = 9.8 years), and 12 adults (mean age = 24.2 years) were participated in this experiment. The task required participants to determine whether the surface of inclination afforded both normal upright posture and ascending upward on uphill, and to perform upright postural control and walking up a hill, on the rough and slippery slopes with seven different degrees of inclination (12°, 17°, 22°, 27°, 33°, 39°, 45°). Results showed that pre-school children over-estimated their ability to stand with normal upright position and to walk up at steeper slopes (39° and 45°), whereas for post-school children and adults there was closer agreement between perceptual judgements and action capabilities for both upright posture and ascending on uphill. Interestingly, results showed the tendency to over-estimate the ability on the slippery surface, but showed the tendency to under-estimate on the rough surface, at inclination of 27° and 33°. From the result of verbal response time, it took more time for all participants to judge the possibility for task performance at inclination of 33°, and pre-school children had more difficult in perceptual judgement than post-children and adults for upright posture. These important differences according to age and environmental constraints in affordance perception for upright posture and ascending on uphill were discussed with reference to the development of perception-action coupling and the implications for promoting the environment to prevent various accidents for children.

The purpose of the present study is to examine if cardiovascular fitness mediates the relationship between genotype related to Alzheimer`s disease(Apolipoprotein e4 allele) and neuro-electrical responses in young male adults. Participants were college age young healthy male consisting of twenty nine e4 carriers(M=20.58 yrs) and thirty non-carriers(M=20.70 yrs) and subjects in each group were divided into high and low-fit groups based on aerobic capacity. Cognitive function was assessed by neuroelectrical response, an event-related potential(ERP) at Fz, Cz, and Pz during oddball task. As the result, high-fit e4 carriers exhibited greater P300 amplitude at Fz and Cz, which is indicative of the recruitment of attentional resources, relative to low-fit e4 carriers while the difference on P300 amplitude between high and low-fit individuals was not found in e4 non-carriers. Analysis of P300 latency representing cognitive processing speed revealed that high-fit individuals, regardless of genotype, exhibited shorter P300 latency at Pz, relative to those who are low-fit. The current finding indicates that the benefit of cardiovascular fitness is particularly stronger in individuals who are at high risk of Alzheimer`s disease.

The purpose of this study was to verify reliability and validation extending Sport Emotion Scale(SES) developed for team sport player to individual and team sport players, to verify causal relationship among sport emotions, sport motivation, and sport performance, and to analysis the effect of sport emotions on sport motivation depending on performance levels To accomplish this purpose, SES, Korean version of Sport Motivation Scale(K-SMS), Korean version of Subjective Exercise Experience Scale(K-SEES) completed by 357 voluntary players from several secondary schools. The statistical techniques of descriptive statistics, independent t-test, factor analysis, correlation analysis, and path analysis using by SPSS/PC+ 12.0 and AMOS 5.0 program were used to examine the three research problems in this study. The results of the study are as follows; First, SES of 6 factors consisted of 28 items were reduced in 4 factors consisted of 17 items Each of internal consistency reliability is ranged from .70 to .82. The results analyzing goodness of fit for the scale illustrated that χ2/df(2.091/3)=.697, p=.554, CFI=1.00, TLI=.933, RMSEA=.000, and were adequate for modified SES model of four factors. second, for relationship between sports emotion and motivation it appears that the more happy and pride is the higher internal motivation and external motivation, the more happy is the lower amotivation, the more fear and angry is the lower internal motivation and the higher amotivation. Also it appears that the lower angry and the higher internal motivation is the batter sports player.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of exercise stress on mental health of physical education high school Athletes. The data collected from the 375 physical education high school Athletes by convenience sampling method was analyzed. With the collected data, stepwise regression analysis was performed by SPSSWIN Ver 12.0. The results of the analysis were summarized as follows. First, the career concern and restricted private impacts positive(+) influence on state anger and trait anger of the physical education high school Athletes. Second, the restricted private and career concern impacts positive(+) influence on stare anxiety, and the restricted private, career concern, and dissatisfaction with game result and skills negative aggression impacts positive(+) influence on trait anxiety of the physical education high school Athletes. Third, the career concern impact positive(+) influence on self-esteem of the physical education high school Athletes. Fourth, the career concern and restricted private impacts positive(+) influence on depression of the physical education high school Athletes.

This study was to search the psychological factors which effect on table-tennis player`s performance. In order to accomplish the purpose of this study, open-ended questionnaire was asked to table-tennis players. Literature research, open-ended questionnaire, and interview results showed 394 psychological factors. Inductive content analysis of the responses illustrated 35 items among table-tennis players. After pilot study, 239 table-tennis players completed the exploratory factor analysis version. Based on the results of the exploratory factor analysis and reliability, 14 psychological factors in table-tennis players were retained for further item refinement. In the confirmatory factor analysis, 375 table-tennis players completed the 14-item version. In the Analytic Hierarchy Process, 30 table-tennis players and specialists completed the AHP Questionnaire. Results showed 14 psychological factors and the four factors. 4 factors were self-confidence, motivation, anxiety control and emotion control. The most importance factor was motivation (.273), followed by emotion control (.258), self-confidence (.240), anxiety control (.229) systematically. Hierarchical importance of the psychological factors were play with confidence (.094), willing to win (.078), positive thinking (.077), goal setting (.073), flow and mental toughness (.072), stress management (.071), best effort attitude (.069), feeling control (.069), reduction of tension (.068), facial expression management (.066), fighting spirit (.065), positive play (.064), and mistake forgetting (.063) in order.

The purpose of this study was to examine the main and interactive effects of collegiate athletes` achievement goals and perceived motivational climates on sportspersonship. 438 male athletes completed the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, Task and Ego orientation in Sport Questionnaire, and Korean version of Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale in Youth Sport. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, EFA, internal consistency, CFA for measures, correlation analysis, and moderated hierarchical regression analysis. Moderated regression analyses revealed task-oriented goal orientation and perceived mastery climate to be positive predictors of sportspersonship among athletes. Significant interaction effects for task orientation×performance climate and task orientation×ego orientation emerged from respect for full commitment, respect for the opponent, respect for rules and officials, adhesion to game. In contrast, significant two-way interaction effects on flow of athletics, team spirit, and respect for judgement were not appeared. The findings illustrate the importance of perceived motivational climates and achievement goals orientation in order to enhance athletes` positive sportspership.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the leadership types of gymnastic coaches and the self-confidence of gymnastic athletes. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey has been conducted with 220 gymnastics athletes who participated in the 89th National Athletes` Festival. To categorize the leadership types, the Leadership Scale for Sports questionnaire has been used. The self-confidence of each respondent has been measured by the Korean Version of Sports Self-confidence Questionnaire. The analysis of the data indicated that the gymnastic coaches` leadership types identified by the respondents and their self-confidence are affected by an athelte`s gender, affiliations and award winning career. In addition, the results of the stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the self-confidence of the respondents was influenced by their coaches` leadership types. In other words, all the 5 sub-variables of gymnastic coaches`s leadership types had a great impact on the variables of self-confidence and played a key-role in creasing the respondents` overall self-confidence. This study suggests a way how the leadership types of gymnastic coaches can enhance their athletes` self-confidence, which is the most important factor in a great performance. Finally, the findings of the study can be applied in not only gymnastics but also other kinds of sports.

This study was; 1) to collect the concept of Practical Intelligence and its elements/factors; 2) to gather the elements/factors of Practical Intelligence in football competition and training by in-depth interviews with football specialists; and 3) to investigate the relationship between Practical Intelligence and tactical application in football competition and training. Literature research and in-depth interviews were conducted to accomplish these purposes. In order to find the concept and elements/factors of Practical Intelligence, 10 books and 16 articles were utilized as literature research. literature research shows Adaptation, Selection and Shaping as a components of Practical Intelligence. In-depth interviews were conducted on football specialists. In football competition and training, Adaptation: attitude, skills, and Individual tactics, Selection: experiences and creativity, Shaping: tactical application, expertise, and pace control. Adaptation, Selection, and Shaping can be used for players in purpose of tactical enhancement on football competition and training.

The purpose of this study was to explore what the addictive exercisers have experienced under the conditions of exercise deprivation. For this study, five addictive exercisers were selected. They were under the conditions of exercise deprivation for 3-7 days, respectively. The data which were collected through self-administration method and in-depth interview were analyzed by inductive method. The results are as follows. First, 200 symptoms of exercise deprivation as raw data were collected and divided into 4 dimensions.: emotional(anger, laziness, uneasiness, depression), physical behavioral (loss of vitality, abnormal physical symptom, body relaxation, etc), cognitive(lowering brain activity, anxiety, abandonment, worldly thought), and social dimension(changed relation with important others, disturbance of affaires). Second, the perceptions of exercise deprivation in participants can be divided into positive(rest, revitalization, self-reflection, etc) and negative perceptions(sentence of death, no advantage, stress). Third, the coping behaviors under the conditions of exercise deprivation can be divided into planned and unplanned cases. Coping behaviors include shopping and eating as a vicarious pleasure. In conclusion, exercise deprivation has a negative impact on the quality of life in addictive exercisers.

The purpose of this study was to prove the relation between exercise variables and aggression by analyzing how aggression can be affected by children`s physical fitness and an exercise program. As aggression is developed by the interaction of personal trait and environment and as children`s motor development progress likewise, analysing the relation between exercise variables and aggression in this period could be a more objective point of view than other periods. The relation between physical fitness and aggression was proved by the data obtained by studying 322 children of 5, 6 years after getting permission from their parents and school at four kindergartens in the Seoul region. The difference of aggression was analyzed by a 12 weeks exercise program which was applied on 61 children of 5, 6 years olds at 2 kindergartens. All the primary factors of aggression, that is object, person and verbal factors, were higher for boys than for girls. The results of a correlation analysis between physical fitness and aggression showed that both boys and girls` physical fitness` factors(health related fitness, performance related fitness) were not related with person and verbal aggression. According to the results of the regression analysis on physical fitness factors to aggression, boys and girls physical fitness didn`t affect aggression. And 12 weeks exercise program didn`t have any affection on children`s aggression for both boys and girls groups. In conclusion, it can be concluded that physical fitness is not a factor affecting aggression of both boys and girls.

The purpose of this study is to know the relationships between transformational leaderships and athletes` psychological needs. This purpose is based on positive correlationship between coaches` behaviour and athletes` psychological needs. Consequently the sports stars of the item which is various in the object their grade, difference of departure for battle form by Transformational leadership and psychological Needs multivariate analysis of variance and examined closely, relationship of Transformational leaderships and the psychological Needs between subordinate multiple regression analysis led and knew and the report person did. This research can be concluded as follows: First, the perception of the charisma as a subordinate factor of reformative leadership had low or mid correlation with autonomy and personal relationships. Second, the perception of caring had also mid or low correlation with autonomy and competence. Third, the perception of intellectual stimulus had low correlation with autonomy and competence. Conclusionally, this research showed that transformational leaderships of coaches had positive correlated with athletes` psychological needs.